Tave tichishuva nyika ine mavara akawanda kubvira pauduku.Kunyange mazwi okuti "mavara" uye "mavara" anowanzoshandiswa kurondedzera fairyland.
Urwu rudo rwomuzvarirwo rweruvara runoita kuti vabereki vakawanda vaone kudhirowa sechiito chikuru chevana vavo.Kunyange zvazvo vana vashomanana vachinyatsoda kupenda, vana vashomanana vanogona kuramba runako rwebhokisi rependi yakanaka.
Lemon yero, orenji yero, yakatsvuka, uswa hwakasvibira, girini yemuorivhi, yakaibva brown, ocher, cobalt bhuruu, ultramarine ... aya mavara akanaka akafanana nemuraraungu unobata, usingazivi mweya yevana.
Vanhu vanonzwisisa vangawana kuti mazita emavara aya anonyanya kutaura mashoko anotsanangura, akadai souswa hwakasvibira uye hutsvuku.Nekudaro, pane zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita se "ocher" izvo vanhuwo zvavo havagone kunzwisisa.
Kana uchiziva nhoroondo yemamwe mavara, uchaona kuti kune mamwe mavara akadaro akatsakatiswa murwizi rurefu rwenguva.Kuseri kweruvara rumwe norumwe kune nyaya ine huruva.
Kwenguva yakareba, mavara evanhu aisakwanisa kuratidza chikamu chimwe chete chemazana enyika ino ine mavara.
Pese panoonekwa pigment itsva, ruvara rwainoratidza runopihwa zita idzva.
Mavara ekutanga-tanga akabva kumaminerari echisikigo, uye mazhinji acho akabva muvhu rakagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakakosha.
Ocher poda ine simbi yakakura yakagara ichishandiswa se pigment, uye tsvuku tsvuku yainoratidza inonziwo ocher color.
Kare muzana ramakore rechina BC, vaIjipita vekare vaive nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira pigment.Vanoziva mashandisiro ezvicherwa zvechisikigo zvakaita semalachite, turquoise uye cinnabar, vanoakuya nekuageza nemvura kuti avandudze kuchena kwepigment.
Panguva imwecheteyo, vaIjipita vekare vaivewo nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira dhayi yezvirimwa.Izvi zvakagonesa Egypt yekare kudhirowa nhamba yakakura yemavara uye akajeka murals.
Kwezviuru zvemakore, kuvandudzwa kwemavara evanhu kwave kuchifambiswa nemhanza yakawanikwa.Kuti vavandudze mukana weiyi rombo rakanaka, vanhu vakaedza kwakawanda kusinganzwisisike uye vakagadzira batch yeanoshamisa pigments uye dhayi.
Makore angangoita 48 BC, Caesar the great akaona rudzi rwepepuru yechipoko muEgipita, uye akatorwa moyo pakarepo.Akaunza ruvara urwu, runonzi bone hozhwa yepepuru, kudzokera kuRoma uye akariita iwo ega ruvara rwemhuri yehumambo hweRoma.
Kubva ipapo, ruvara rwepepuru rwakava chiratidzo chevakuru.Naizvozvo, zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvinoshandisa mutsara wokuti “akazvarwa neruvara rwepepuru” kutsanangura mamiriro emhuri yavo.Nekudaro, magadzirirwo emhando iyi yebhonzo hozhwa yepepuru dhayi inogona kunzi ibasa rinoshamisa.
Nyura hozhwa yemapfupa yakaora nedota rehuni mumugomo uzere weti yakaora.Mushure menguva yakareba yakamira, iyo viscous secretion yegill gland yebhonzo snail ichashanduka uye inogadzira chinhu chinonzi ammonium purpurite nhasi, chinoratidza ruvara rwebhuruu rwepepuru.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa ammonium purpurite
Kubuda kwenzira iyi kuduku zvikuru.Inogona kugadzira isingasviki 15 ml yedhayi pa250000 hozhwa dzebhonzo, inongokwana kudhayira jasi rechiRoma.
Pamusoro pezvo, nekuti maitiro ekugadzira anonhuwa, dhayi iyi inogona kungogadzirwa kunze kweguta.Kunyangwe hembe dzekupedzisira dzakagadzirwa dzinopa kunhuhwirira kusingatsananguriki gore rose, pamwe i "Royal flavour".
Hakuna mavara mazhinji sehozhwa yepepuru.Munguva iyo mummy poda yakatanga mukurumbira semushonga ndokuzove yakakurumbira sepigment, imwe pigment yaive ine chekuita neweti yakagadzirwa.
Irwo rudzi rwerunako rwakanaka uye rwakajeka rwero, iro rave richiratidzwa kumhepo uye zuva kwenguva refu.Inonzi Indian yellow.
Hozhwa yebhonzo yekugadzira yeumambo yepepuru yakakosha dhayi
Raw material yeIndia yeyero
Sezvinoreva zita rayo, pigment isinganzwisisike kubva kuIndia, iyo inonzi inotorwa kubva muweti yemombe.
Mhou idzi dzaingodyiswa mashizha emumango nemvura chete, zvichikonzera kushaya kudya kwakakwana, uye weti yacho yaiva nezvinhu zveyero.
Turner akasekwa nekufemerwa nejaundice nekuti ainyanya kufarira kushandisa Indian yellow
Aya mavara anoshamisa uye dhayi akatonga nyika yehunyanzvi kwenguva yakareba.Havasi kungokuvadza vanhu nemhuka chete, asiwo vane kugadzirwa kwakaderera uye mitengo yakakwirira.Somuenzaniso, muRenaissance, boka recyan rakanga rakagadzirwa nelapis lazuli upfu, uye mutengo waro wakanga wakakwirira zvakapetwa kashanu pane wendarama yemhando imwe cheteyo.
Nekukura kunoputika kwesainzi yevanhu uye tekinoroji, pigment inodawo shanduko huru.Zvisinei, uku kumukira kukuru kwakasiya ronda rinouraya.
Lead chena ivara risingawanzo pasi rose iro rinogona kusiya mucherechedzo pamagariro nematunhu akasiyana.Muzana ramakore rechina BC, vaGiriki vekare vaive vagona nzira yekugadzira lead white.
Lead White
Kazhinji, mabhawa akawanda emutobvu anoturikidzwa muvhiniga kana tsvina yemhuka uye anoiswa munzvimbo yakavharwa kwemwedzi yakati wandei.Yekupedzisira yakakosha lead carbonate ichena yemutobvu.
Iyo yakagadziridzwa chena inotungamira inopa yakazara opaque uye gobvu ruvara, iyo inoonekwa seimwe yeakanakisa pigment.
Nekudaro, chena yemutobvu haina kupenya chete mumifananidzo.Madzimai echiRoman, maJapan geisha nemadzimai echiChinese vese vanoshandisa mucheno wemutobvu kuzora zviso zvavo.Pavanenge vachivhara kuremara kwechiso, vanowanawo ganda rakasviba, mazino akaora uye utsi.Panguva imwecheteyo, inokonzera vasospasm, kukuvara kwetsvo, musoro, kurutsa, manyoka, coma nezvimwe zviratidzo.
Pakutanga, Mambokadzi Elizabeth ane ganda rakasviba akatambura nehuturu hwemutobvu
Zviratidzo zvakafanana zvinoonekwawo kune vanopenda.Vanhu vanowanzotaura nezvekurwadziwa kusingatsananguriki kune vanopenda se "painter colic".Asi mazana amakore apfuura, uye vanhu havasati vaziva kuti izvi zvinoitika zvechienzi zvinobva zvamazvirokwazvo mumavara avanoda.
Iro jena rinotungamira pachiso chemukadzi harigone kuve rakakodzera
Lead chena zvakare yakawana mamwe mavara mune iyi pigment revolution.
Van Gogh's favourite chrome yero ndeimwe inotungamira komputa, lead chromate.Iyi pigment yeyero inopenya kupfuura yero yeIndia inosemesa, asi yakachipa.
Mufananidzo weVan Gogh
Kufanana nemutobvu chena, mutobvu uri mukati mawo unopinda nyore nyore mumuviri wemunhu uye unovanza se calcium, zvichitungamira kunhevedzano yezvirwere senge nervous system kusagadzikana.
Chikonzero nei Van Gogh, anoda chrome yero uye yakakora coating, anga achirwara nechirwere chepfungwa kwenguva yakareba zvichida nekuda kwe "mupiro" we chrome yero.
Chimwe chigadzirwa chepigment revolution hachina "kuzivikanwa" se lead white chrome yero.Inogona kutanga naNapoleon.Mushure mehondo yeWaterloo, Napoleon akazivisa kubviswa kwake, uye maBritish akamuendesa kuSt. Helena.Mushure mekupedza makore asingasviki matanhatu pachitsuwa, Napoleon akafa zvinoshamisa, uye zvikonzero zvekufa kwake zvakasiyana.
Maererano neshumo yeautopsy yeBritish, Napoleon akafa neronda rakaipisisa remudumbu, asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti vhudzi raNapoleon raiva nehuwandu hwe arsenic.
Iyo arsenic yemukati yakaonekwa mune akati wandei masampuli ebvudzi emakore akasiyana yaive gumi kusvika 100 nguva dzakajairika.Saka, vamwe vanhu vanotenda kuti Napoleon akaiswa muchetura uye akaumbwa kuti afe.
Asi chokwadi chenyaya yacho chinokatyamadza.Iyo yakawandisa arsenic mumuviri waNapoleon inobva papende yegirinhi pamadziro.
Anopfuura makore 200 apfuura, musayendisiti ane mukurumbira wokuSweden anonzi Scheler akagadzira ruvara rwegirinhi rwakajeka.Rudzi irworwo rwegirini haruzombokanganwi nekungotarisa.Icho chiri kure nekufananidzwa neaya mavara akasvibira akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa.Iyi "Scheler yegirini" yakakonzera kunzwa kana yaiswa mumusika nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakaderera.Izvo hazvina kungokunda mamwe akawanda magreen pigments, asi zvakare akakunda musika wekudya pane imwe sitiroko.
Zvinonzi vamwe vanhu vakashandisa Scheler green kudhaya chikafu pamabiko, izvo zvakakonzera kufa kwevaenzi vatatu.Shiller yegirini inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevatengesi mune sipo, kushongedza keke, matoyi, zvihwitsi uye zvipfeko, uyezve, kushongedza kwemadziro.Kwenguva yakati, zvinhu zvose kubva kune unyanzvi kusvika kune zvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva zvakakomberedzwa negirini yakasvibirira, kusanganisira imba yekurara yaNapoleon uye yekugezera.
Ichi chidimbu chemadziro chinonzi chakatorwa kubva muimba yekurara yaNapoleon
Icho chikamu cheScheler green is copper arsenite, umo iyo trivalent arsenic ine chepfu zvakanyanya.Kutapwa kwaNapoleon kwaive nemamiriro ekunze ane hunyoro uye akashandisa Scheler green Wallpaper, iyo yakaburitsa yakawanda arsenic.Zvinonzi hakuzombovi netsikidzi muimba yegirini, zvichida nekuda kwechikonzero ichi.Sezvineiwo, Scheler yegirini uye gare gare yegirini yeParis, iyo yaivewo nearsenic, yakazova mushonga wezvipembenene.Mukuwedzera, idzi arsenic dzine dhayi dzemakemikari dzakazoshandiswa kurapa njovhera, iyo pamwero wakati yakakurudzira chemotherapy.
Paul Ellis, baba vekemotherapy
Cupreouranite
Mushure mekurambidzwa kweScheler girini, pakanga paine imwe yaityisa girinhi mufashoni.Kana zvasvika pakugadzirwa kweiyi yakasvibira yakasvibirira, vanhu vemazuva ano vanogona kuisanganisa nemabhomba enyukireya nemwaranzi, nekuti iuranium.Vanhu vazhinji havafungi kuti chimiro chechisikigo chesimbi yeuranium inogona kunzi yakanaka, inozivikanwa serozi renyika yematombo.
Iyo yekutanga migodhi yeuranium yaive zvakare yekuiwedzera kune girazi se toner.Girazi rakagadzirwa nenzira iyi rine chiedza chisina kusimba chegirini uye rakanaka chaizvo.
Uranium girazi rinopenya girini pasi pe ultraviolet rambi
Orange yellow uranium oxide poda
Iyo oxide yeuranium inopenya orenji tsvuku, iyo inowedzerwa kune zvigadzirwa zveceramic se toner.Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika, izvi "zvizere nesimba" zvigadzirwa zveuranium zvaive zvichiri kwese kwese.Yakanga isiri iyo kusvika pakusimuka kweindasitiri yenyukireya iyo United States yakatanga kurambidza kushandiswa kwevasiri uranium.Nekudaro, muna 1958, United States Atomic Energy Commission yakadzoreredza zvirambidzo, uye yakapera uranium yakaonekwazve mumafekitori eceramic nemafekitori egirazi.
Kubva pane zvakasikwa kuenda kune kudhirowa, kubva mukugadzira kusvika ku synthesis, nhoroondo yekuvandudza ye pigment zvakare nhoroondo yekuvandudza yeindasitiri yemakemikari evanhu.Zvinhu zvose zvinoshamisa zviri munhoroondo iyi zvakanyorwa mumazita emavara iwayo.
Bone hozhwa yepepuru, Indian yellow, Lead white, Chrome yero, Scheler green, Uranium green, Uranium orenji.
Imwe neimwe ndiyo tsoka dzakasiiwa munzira yebudiriro yemunhu.Mamwe akatsiga uye akatsiga, asi mamwe haana kudzika.Nekungorangarira kutsauka uku ndiko kwatinogona kuwana nzira yakati chechetere.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-31-2021